Avacam

Timelapse Camera vs Traditional CCTV for site monitoring

Kashish — Wed, 27 May 2026 12:23:08 +0000

Last year, a project manager working on a road infrastructure project in northern Italy asked us: “Can’t we just put up a couple of CCTV cameras and call it done?“ It’s a fair question. CCTV is cheap, familiar, and easy to install. But after we explained what his slope actually needed — and what a CCTV system would silently miss — he changed his mind fast. This article is that same conversation, written down.

Table of Contents

They Were Built for Completely Different Jobs
Resolution & Image Quality
Data Storage & Cloud Access
Weather & Field Durability
AI & Analysis Capabilities
Real Cost Over Time
Side-by-Side Comparison
When to Use Which System
Our Honest Take

1. They Were Built for Completely Different Jobs

This is the part most people skip — and it’s the most important thing to understand. CCTV was designed for one job: security. Watching who walks through a door. Catching a shoplifter. Recording a car park accident. The whole technology — the compression algorithms, the motion triggers, the storage logic — was built around that use case.

Geological monitoring is a completely different problem. Slopes don’t move like people do. A landslide doesn’t announce itself by walking past a camera. It creeps. Sometimes just a few millimeters a week, building pressure over months before anything dramatic happens. A glacier retreats steadily — you won’t see it move in any single day’s footage, but compare an image from March to one from October and the change is undeniable.

That’s why the question isn’t really “which camera is better?” It’s whether you’re treating monitoring as a security task or an engineering task. They need different tools entirely.

The Core Difference

A CCTV system asks: “Did something happen in the last 60 seconds?” A timelapse monitoring system asks: “How has this terrain changed over the last 60 days?” Same site. Completely different questions — and neither system can answer the other’s question well.

2. Resolution & Image Quality

Here’s something that surprises a lot of engineers when they first hear it. That “4K CCTV camera” you’re looking at? It doesn’t actually give you 4K images. Video compression — the kind CCTV relies on to manage constant recording — throws away a huge amount of detail in every frame. That’s fine if you’re checking whether a person walked past a doorway. It’s a serious problem if you’re trying to measure a 2 cm crack displacement in a rock face 300 meters away.

Our GEO devices capture full-resolution still images — no compression, no detail loss. The GEO T8 shoots at 8 megapixels, the T12 at 12MP, the T20 at 20MP, and the T41 at 41MP. Each image is a clean, complete data point you can actually measure from. Geologists and engineers use these images for photogrammetric analysis, displacement mapping, and comparing terrain changes across months or years.

📹 Traditional CCTV = Compressed video frames. Every frame loses detail to save storage. Individual frames are not accurate enough for

geological measurement

📷 Avacam Timelapse = Full-resolution stills up to 41MP. No compression. Varifocal lenses you can adjust remotely — no site visit needed

One more thing on lenses. With a standard CCTV camera, if you need to change the zoom or refocus on a different part of a slope, someone has to physically climb up and do it. Our devices have remotely adjustable varifocal lenses — you change the focal length from a browser, sitting at your desk. For a site at 2,000 meters elevation in winter, that difference alone is worth a lot.

3. Data Storage & Cloud Access

CCTV systems record everything to a local DVR or NVR. When storage fills up, older footage gets deleted automatically. That’s a reasonable design for security — you rarely need footage from three years ago to catch a break-in. But for geological monitoring, old data isn’t worthless. It’s often the most important data you have.

Think about it this way. A geologist investigating a new tension crack on a slope needs to know: when did this movement start? Was there a precursor pattern? How fast is it progressing? All of those answers live in historical imagery. If that imagery was overwritten six months ago by a CCTV loop, the investigation starts blind.

Every image captured by an Avacam device goes to a permanent cloud archive . Nothing gets deleted. The web dashboard lets you pull up any image from any date, compare two periods side by side, or generate a time-lapse showing years of evolution — from any device, anywhere, with no software to install. We’ve had clients access footage from three years ago to support an insurance claim. With CCTV, that conversation ends quickly.

Real Scenario
An engineer gets called to a slope accident on a Tuesday morning. Within minutes, he’s pulled up images from six months ago, two months ago, and yesterday — and built a time-lapse showing the progression clearly. That’s the kind of response that CCTV infrastructure simply can’t support, because the footage from six months ago is gone.

4. Weather & Field Durability

We’ve installed devices in the Alps at 2,600 metres. In Scandinavian winters. On dam faces exposed to constant moisture and temperature swings. We know what “harsh environment” actually means — and most commercial CCTV hardware is not built for it.

A typical outdoor CCTV enclosure is rated IP65. That means it handles rain and dust reasonably well. What it doesn’t handle well is extended operation at −20°C, repeated freeze-thaw cycles that stress seals and circuit boards, or months of operation with zero maintenance access. One bad winter and you’re replacing hardware.

Our GEO devices are rated IP67/IP68 — fully waterproof and dustproof at depth — and tested to operate continuously from −20°C to +50°C . We test them because we deploy them in exactly those conditions. The enclosures are designed to take heavy snow loading, direct UV, and the kind of temperature swings that crack cheaper housings over time.

❄️ Alpine-Ready = IP67/68 rated. Tested at −20°C through full alpine winters, not just rated for it on a spec sheet.

☀️ Solar-Powered Option = The GEO T8 Solar runs indefinitely off solar panels. No mains, no generator, no site visits just to keep the lights on.

📡 4G, LTE-M & Starlink = Transmits over 4G/LTE or Starlink satellite. No wired internet needed — works where nothing else does.

5. AI & Analysis Capabilities

The AI built into CCTV systems is trained to detect people and vehicles moving in a frame. That’s genuinely useful for security. It’s completely useless for geological monitoring — because the terrain itself doesn’t “move” in a way that motion detection registers. A 5 mm slope displacement over three weeks looks like absolutely nothing to a CCTV motion algorithm. Zero alerts. Zero flags. You’d never know.

Our AI is different because it was built from the ground up for geotechnical analysis. It compares images across time, identifies subtle changes in terrain geometry, tracks displacement patterns, and sends alerts when movement rates exceed the thresholds your team defines. The GEO T8 Edge Computing model does this on-device — so even if connectivity drops, the analysis keeps running.

We also built the platform to work alongside other sensors, not replace them. Inclinometers, piezometers, weather stations — all of this data can be pulled into the same dashboard via API. A visual time-lapse of a slope moving combined with piezometer readings showing rising groundwater pressure? That’s the kind of multi-layer picture that actually supports a risk decision. No CCTV system gets you there.

6. Real Cost Over Time

CCTV looks cheap on paper. And honestly, for the hardware alone, it often is. But the total cost of a monitoring deployment isn’t just the purchase price — it’s everything that follows.

How often does someone need to visit the site to recalibrate, swap storage, or fix a failed component? What’s the cost of a missed event because the system wasn’t capturing what it needed to? What happens when a slope accident triggers a legal dispute and the footage needed to reconstruct the timeline was overwritten months ago?

Our devices are designed to need almost no hands-on attention after installation. Configuration changes happen remotely. Alerts go out automatically. Solar models run without any power infrastructure. And when something does need attention, the dashboard tells you what and where — no guesswork, no unnecessary call-outs. Over a three-to-five year deployment, that changes the cost comparison significantly.

7. Side-by-Side Comparison

Feature	Traditional CCTV	Avacam Timelapse Monitoring
Primary Purpose	Security & access surveillance	Geological & structural change detection Purpose-built
Image Quality	Compressed video frames Lossy	Full-resolution stills up to 41MP Lossless
Lens Control	Fixed — requires on-site visit Manual	Remote varifocal adjustment Remote
Data Storage	Local DVR/NVR, circular overwrite Limited	Permanent cloud archive, full history Unlimited
Field Durability	Typically IP65, limited temp range Urban grade	IP67/68, −20°C to +50°C tested Industrial
Power Source	Mains electricity required Grid-dependent	Mains or solar — fully off-grid capable Autonomous
Connectivity	Wired LAN/internet required Wired only	4G/LTE/LTE-M or Starlink satellite Anywhere
AI Capabilities	Motion/person/vehicle detection Generic	Geological change detection, displacement analysis Specialized
Sensor Integration	Standalone only Isolated	API integration with inclinometers, piezometers Interoperable
Privacy Compliance	Manual configuration Basic	Automatic GDPR masking built-in GDPR-ready
Remote Management	Requires on-site visits On-site	100% remotely managed via Fully remote dashboard
Setup Complexity	Requires installation team, cabling complex	Plug and play, optimized remotely Simple

8. When to Use Which System

We’re not here to say CCTV is bad. It isn’t. It’s just not the right tool for geological monitoring — the same way a torque wrench isn’t the right tool for cutting pipe. Both technologies have a clear place on a well-run project.

✓ CCTV Makes Sense For:

Security at site entrances and access points
Intruder detection and incident recording
Tracking vehicles and personnel on active sites
Indoor or sheltered monitoring environments
Integration with alarm and access control systems

✓ Avacam Timelapse Makes Sense For:

Landslide, rockfall, and slope movement monitoring
Glacier retreat and ice mass tracking
Flood and river level change monitoring
Long-term structural deformation on dams, bridges, cuttings
Remote or off-grid high-altitude deployments
Geotechnical evidence for risk reports and legal defense
GDPR-compliant monitoring in public or urban areas

On Complex Projects

For big infrastructure projects — motorway cuttings, railway embankments, dam faces, urban construction near unstable ground — the best answer is usually both systems running in parallel . CCTV handles site security. Avacam handles the geology. They don’t compete; they cover different blind spots.

9. Our Honest Take

If someone tells you a CCTV camera is good enough for landslide or glacier monitoring, they either haven’t thought through what monitoring actually requires, or they’re trying to save budget in the wrong place. CCTV is a solid, well-understood security technology — but it wasn’t designed for geology, and no amount of configuration changes that. If your site has a real geological risk, it deserves a system built to see what CCTV can’t. That’s what we built Avacam to do.

Want to See It in Action?

Talk to our team about your site — we’ll tell you honestly which device fits, and why. No pressure, no boilerplate proposals.

Explore Our Devices or Talk to Us Directly

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Avacam at SMAU New York 2026

admin — Wed, 20 May 2026 09:28:20 +0000

AVACAM’s global vision for the prevention of hydrogeological instability

19 May 2026 marks a turning point in AVACAM’s internationalisation journey. Fresh from the success of SMAU Italy RestartsUp in New York, we are proud to have represented Italian technological excellence in the field of environmental safety.

Our focus during the New York event was clear: landslide monitoring must evolve towards intelligent systems that operate autonomously in critical contexts.

By presenting our terrain analysis solutions, we demonstrated how the combination of computer vision and high-resilience sensors can transform the way government authorities and private entities approach slope stability.

Thanks to the sub-pixel accuracy of our algorithms, we showed our international partners how it is possible to identify millimetre-scale micro-movements long before they become emergencies.

AVACAM returns from the United States with new partnerships on the horizon and the confirmation that innovation dedicated to prevention is the key to a safer and more resilient future.

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Avacam Joins the Prestigious NVIDIA Inception Program

admin — Wed, 01 Apr 2026 16:00:29 +0000

We are pleased to announce our admission into NVIDIA Inception, a global program designed to support startups that are revolutionizing technology sectors through artificial intelligence and accelerated computing.

Joining this community of excellence represents a fundamental milestone for our growth. NVIDIA Inception is dedicated to startups defining the future of AI, offering them the necessary resources to accelerate development and scale their business efficiently.

Through this collaboration, Avacam will have access to a range of exclusive benefits provided by NVIDIA, including:

Cutting-edge technical resources: Direct support for integrating the latest technological innovations.
Hardware and software: Preferential pricing on NVIDIA hardware and software to enhance our infrastructure.
NVIDIA developer program: Free access to SDKs, APIs, development tools, and specialized technical documentation.
Networking and investment: Opportunities to connect with leading Venture Capitalists in the industry and exclusive offers from program partners.

Our admission to the program, officially confirmed by the NVIDIA Inception team, allows us to join a global community of innovators. This recognition not only validates the technological value of our solutions but also provides us with the tools needed to continue developing increasingly high-performance and competitive products in the global accelerated computing market.

We are excited to embark on this journey together with NVIDIA!

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Avacam at GEO Business 2026

admin — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 17:08:27 +0000

We are pleased to announce that Avacam will be attending GEO Business 2026, one of the most important international events in the geospatial technology sector and data-based territorial solutions. The event will take place on June 3–4, 2026, at the ExCeL London exhibition centre, where professionals, companies, and innovators will gather to explore the latest advancements in geospatial tech and location data applications.

GEO Business is a dynamic platform dedicated to the geospatial community, offering an extensive program of technical sessions, live demonstrations, workshops, and networking opportunities with hundreds of exhibitors and thousands of participants from around the world. The event brings together experts in survey, remote sensing, data analytics, and digital solutions for infrastructure and territory management.

In this context, Avacam will have the opportunity to present its innovative landslide monitoring system, utilizing proprietary camera systems that capture photos at regular intervals and software that detects ground movements and atmospheric conditions, revolutionizing safety and efficiency in this market.

Avacam’s participation in GEO Business 2026 presents a significant opportunity to showcase its geologic and environmental monitoring solutions based on imagery and artificial intelligence, connect with international partners, and present its technology to a qualified audience of professionals and decision-makers in the geospatial and territorial risk management fields.

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Avacam at Dublin Tech Summit 2026

admin — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 16:52:52 +0000

We are excited to announce that Avacam will be participating in the Dublin Tech Summit 2026, one of the most important European events in the technology and entrepreneurship sector. The event will take place in Dublin, at the prestigious RDS – Royal Dublin Society, from May 27 to 28, 2026.

The Dublin Tech Summit is an international conference that brings together thousands of tech industry leaders, startups, investors, and professionals from all over the world to discuss emerging technologies, digital transformations, and trends that are reshaping the future of innovation.

Avacam’s participation in this event represents a strategic opportunity to showcase our most innovative technologies to an international audience, strengthen dialogue with partners, investors, and potential clients, and explore new collaboration opportunities in areas such as AI, smart monitoring, and sustainability technologies.

By attending in Dublin, Avacam reaffirms its commitment to becoming a key player in the global landscape of advanced technologies, continuing to expand its vision and impact in the innovation sector.

See you in Dublin!

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Avacam at VivaTech 2026

admin — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 16:09:46 +0000

We are excited to announce Avacam’s participation in VivaTech 2026, one of the world’s most important events dedicated to technological innovation. This international fair will take place in Paris from June 17th to 20th, 2026, at the Parc des Expositions Porte de Versailles.

VivaTech is a global stage that brings together leading tech companies, startups, investors, and industry leaders, offering the opportunity to discover the latest developments in the digital and technological fields. The event represents a unique opportunity to explore new trends, innovative solutions, and discuss the future challenges of technology.

Avacam, specializing in advanced environmental monitoring, will present its remote monitoring solutions, with a particular focus on protecting territories from geological risks such as landslides and mudslides. Thanks to cutting-edge technologies like the GeoT8 with Edge computing units, Avacam is able to offer precise and reliable solutions for monitoring high-risk areas, even in extreme and remote environments.

Don’t miss the chance to discover how Avacam is revolutionizing environmental monitoring at VivaTech 2026. Come visit us and learn how our technology can make a difference in environmental risk management.

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Avacam at Sushi Tech Tokyo 2026

admin — Fri, 06 Mar 2026 09:34:04 +0000

Avacam announces its participation in Sushi Tech Tokyo 2026, taking place from April 27 to 29, 2026, at the Tokyo Big Sight exhibition center, one of the leading international events dedicated to technological innovation, smart cities, and digital solutions for industry and the environment.

On this occasion, Avacam will present its solutions in Tokyo focused on environmental and infrastructure monitoring, developed to support risk prevention and management.

In particular, Avacam specializes in:

Remote monitoring of landslides and natural hazards, even in hard-to-reach areas
High-resolution photomonitoring applied to tracking territorial and environmental changes
Advanced image analysis using artificial intelligence, for the early detection of critical issues
Alert systems and reporting tools supporting public authorities, companies, and professionals

During Sushi Tech Tokyo, Avacam will be located within the Italian national pavilion at stand ITA, where it will showcase its solutions and meet operators, institutions, and international partners interested in environmental monitoring technologies and intelligent risk management.

Avacam’s participation in Sushi Tech Tokyo 2026 represents an important milestone in the company’s internationalization journey and a strategic opportunity to bring Italian innovation to the global landscape of technologies for territorial and infrastructure safety.

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What are the responsibilities of individuals, particularly mayors, in the event of landslides?

admin — Thu, 12 Feb 2026 11:08:59 +0000

The mayors, metropolitan mayors, and regional presidents, as well as the presidents of the Autonomous Provinces of Trento and Bolzano, are civil protection territorial authorities, according to Article 3 of Legislative Decree No. 1/2018.

In this capacity, they are responsible for multiple activities regarding the prevention and management of landslides, which include, pursuant to Article 6 of Legislative Decree No. 1/2018:

a) the implementation of national guidelines on civil protection;

b) the promotion, implementation, and coordination of civil protection activities, consisting of forecasting, prevention, and mitigation of risks, emergency management, and overcoming them, with particular reference to landslides and hydrogeological instability;

c) the allocation of financial resources aimed at carrying out civil protection activities;

d) the organization of the structures responsible for carrying out civil protection functions and the assignment of adequate personnel with specific expertise to these structures, also in relation to the activities of operational centers.

With specific reference to the prevention and management of landslides and hydrogeological instability, mayors, in line with what is provided by the Consolidated Law on Local Authorities, are also responsible, pursuant to Article 12 of Legislative Decree No. 1/2018:

a) for adopting, as government officials, urgent measures under Article 54 of Legislative Decree 267/2000, necessary to prevent and eliminate serious dangers to public safety, which is of particular importance in the context of landslide prevention and management;

b) for informing the population about risk scenarios, civil protection planning, and hazardous situations caused by natural risks, such as landslides and hydrogeological instability, or those resulting from human activity;

c) for coordinating assistance activities for the affected population in their territory, managed by the municipality, which provides initial interventions and implements what is foreseen by the civil protection plan, ensuring constant updates to the flow of information with the prefect and the regional president, as required;

d) for requesting, when the legal requirements are met, the intervention of additional regional operational forces from the region, as well as national operational forces from the prefect, ensuring constant updates to the flow of information with the latter and with the regional president during emergency events, and also overseeing the information activity directed at the population.

Mayors also issue urgent orders related to the urgent need for interventions aimed at overcoming situations of severe neglect or degradation of the territory and the environment, according to Article 51, Paragraph 5, of Legislative Decree 267/2000.

Finally, it is important to focus on the functions assigned to the prefect and their relationship with the responsibilities of mayors.

The prefect exercises various competencies within the National Civil Protection Service. In the event of an emergency, whether imminent or when its occurrence is forecasted according to the alerting methods established by law, the prefect, within their territorial competence, performs the following tasks, among others, pursuant to Article 9 of Legislative Decree No. 1/2018:

a) ensures a constant flow and exchange of information with the Civil Protection Department, the region, municipalities, and provinces, where delegated;

b) assumes, immediately upon the event, the unified direction of all emergency services to be activated at the provincial level, overseeing the implementation of the provincial civil protection plan, with particular attention to landslide management;

c) promotes and coordinates the adoption of necessary measures to ensure the intervention of state structures present in the provincial territory;

d) monitors the implementation of urgent services, including technical ones, at the provincial level.

For carrying out their duties, the prefect adopts all necessary measures within their competence to ensure initial relief, according to Article 9 of Legislative Decree No. 1/2018.

The competence of the prefect does not exclude the responsibility of the mayor. As clarified by case law (see Cass. No. 16761/2010), both the prefect and the mayor exercise concurrent competencies, even in cases where the mayor requests the intervention of the prefect, who acts through their own measures, in the presence of events that cannot be addressed with the means available to the municipality.

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What are the responsibilities of public bodies under the Environmental Code in the event of landslides?

admin — Thu, 12 Feb 2026 11:07:01 +0000

The Environmental Code establishes that the State, the regions, including the Autonomous Provinces of Trento and Bolzano, the provinces, municipalities, as well as mountain communities and land reclamation and irrigation consortia, according to their respective competences, contribute to the implementation of activities aimed at ensuring:

the protection and reclamation of the soil and subsoil;
the hydrogeological reclamation of the territory, with particular attention to managing the risk of landslides and hydrogeological instability;
the prevention of hydrogeological instability and landslides;
the securing of risk-prone situations (pursuant to Article 53 of Legislative Decree 152/2006).

Knowledge, Planning, and Intervention Activities

To this end, all the aforementioned entities carry out every appropriate action:

knowledge-related actions,
planning actions,
implementation of interventions, including for the management and prevention of hydrogeological instability and landslides, as provided in Article 53 of Legislative Decree 152/2006.

The knowledge-related activities specifically include actions such as:

data collection,
data processing,
data archiving,

as well as the implementation of any other initiatives deemed necessary for the achievement of the above-mentioned objectives, in accordance with Article 54 of Legislative Decree 152/2006.

Specific Competences of the Regions

In particular, the regions annually prepare a report on land use and the hydrogeological conditions of their territory and take any other necessary initiatives in the fields of:

land conservation,
land defense,
soil protection,
subsoil protection, with a focus on the prevention and management of landslides and hydrogeological instability, in accordance with Article 61 of Legislative Decree 152/2006.

Participation of Local Entities

Municipalities, provinces, mountain communities, land reclamation and irrigation consortia, as well as other public entities and public law entities based in the hydrographic district, participate in the exercise of regional functions related to soil defense, as established by the regions, either individually or in agreement with each other.

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What are the responsibilities of authorities under the civil protection code in the event of landslides?

admin — Thu, 12 Feb 2026 10:57:21 +0000

The responsibilities of public entities regarding the prevention and management of landslides and hydrogeological instability are significantly established by the Civil Protection Code. Among the so-called “civil protection risks,” the hydrogeological risk is included, along with seismic, volcanic, hydraulic risks, adverse weather phenomena, and others indicated in Article 16 of Legislative Decree No. 1/2018.

Civil Protection Activities

According to Article 3 of Legislative Decree No. 1/2018, “civil protection activities” are those aimed at:

forecasting risks;
preventing and mitigating risks;
managing emergencies;
overcoming emergencies.

Forecasting

Forecasting includes all activities, carried out with the involvement of individuals with scientific, technical, and administrative expertise, aimed at identifying and studying, including dynamically, possible risk scenarios for the needs of alerting the National Service, when possible, and civil protection planning.

Prevention

Prevention activities are those aimed at avoiding or reducing the possibility of damage from catastrophic events, also based on knowledge acquired through forecasting activities, particularly concerning the risk of landslides and hydrogeological instability.

Emergency Management

Emergency management includes activities aimed at ensuring rescue and assistance to populations affected by catastrophic events and animals, as well as reducing the related impact, including through urgent and essential interventions and the use of simplified procedures, along with relevant information to the public.

That said, below are the main responsibilities of the competent public entities concerning landslides and hydrogeological instability, represented by municipalities, provinces, metropolitan cities, regions, and the State.

Municipalities

Municipalities, as parts of the National Civil Protection Service according to Article 3 of Legislative Decree No. 1/2018, must oversee civil protection planning activities and the direction of rescue operations, which constitute a fundamental function under Article 12 of Legislative Decree No. 1/2018.

For the execution of these activities, municipalities are required to perform various tasks, including, in particular:

carrying out risk prevention activities, including those related to landslides and hydrogeological instability;
preparing municipal civil protection plans;
activating and directing urgent interventions necessary to address emergency situations when they occur (Article 12, Paragraph 3, Legislative Decree No. 1/2018).

Provinces (Wide Areas)

Wide-area provinces, as parts of the National Civil Protection Service under Article 3 of Legislative Decree No. 1/2018, perform various functions in this area. These include:

implementing, at the provincial level, forecasting and prevention activities, including those related to the risk of landslides and hydrogeological instability, established in regional planning, adopting related administrative measures, and particularly tasks related to data collection and processing in the provincial territory;
preparing provincial civil protection plans;
overseeing the preparation of urgent services, including technical ones, by their civil protection structures to be activated in emergencies (Article 11, Paragraph 1, Legislative Decree No. 1/2018).

Metropolitan Cities

Metropolitan cities are parts of the National Civil Protection Service according to Article 3 of Legislative Decree No. 1/2018. Specific tasks are assigned to metropolitan mayors, as indicated in the following paragraph 3.

Regions and Autonomous Provinces

Regions and the Autonomous Provinces of Trento and Bolzano, as components of the National Civil Protection Service according to Articles 3 and 4 of Legislative Decree No. 1/2018, are responsible for implementing civil protection activities – forecasting, prevention, and mitigation of risks, emergency management, and overcoming them – according to their respective regulations and competencies (Article 4 of Legislative Decree No. 1/2018).

To this end, the regions regulate the organization of civil protection systems, ensuring the execution of related activities, and particularly the methods for forecasting and preventing risks, as well as the operation of the regional operations room, to ensure the continuous flow of information exchange with the Civil Protection Department, prefectures, delegated provinces, and municipalities.

Regions, the Autonomous Provinces of Trento and Bolzano, and the Civil Protection Department also ensure the functioning and operation of the alerting systems of the National Civil Protection Service, including those related to hydrogeological risks and landslides. This alerting system is structured in a state and regional system consisting of the tools, methods, and modalities established to develop and acquire, in real-time, knowledge, information, and assessments, where possible, even probabilistically, related to the advance warning, monitoring, and surveillance of events and the subsequent evolution of risk scenarios, in order to activate the National Civil Protection Service at various territorial levels (Article 17 of Legislative Decree No. 1/2018).

Conclusions

In conclusion, all the entities mentioned above are responsible for the prevention and management of landslides, although to varying degrees. Municipalities are the entities most exposed to liability, both with regard to prevention activities and the timely and appropriate management of landslides, as they are required to implement all necessary measures for this purpose.

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